this article examines al-ṭūsī’s and maghribī’s recensions of theodosius’ sphaerica by comparing their features and differences. al-ṭūsī adheresto the original text of sphaerica, however, by adding some postulates and three lemmas, he enriches the mathematical structure of the treatise. al-ṭūsī’s composition style reveals that he intended to prepare a pedagogical textbook, his statements are con...

despite the challenges noticed in the meaning and concept of pederasty (lawāṭ), different viewpoints have always existed among the jurists concerning the punishment of the pederast, to the extent that some jurists have decreed death penalty equally for both the married and unmarried pederast. in contrast, some others have reconciled among the related traditions in this respect and considered th...