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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with uncertain etiology. for many years, viruses have been suspected as causative agents. there are conflicting reports about the possible role of viruses such as human herpes virus 8 (hhv8) and retroviruses in the pathogenesis of the sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. we conducted a prospective case-control study to ...

conclusions in this study, nosocomial infections had a lower frequency in comparison with the national rates. according to researches, hospitals have been able to reduce nosocomial infections by establishing strategies and getting the risks under control. results the results of the present study showed that the incidence of nosocomial infections was low (i.e., < 2%). the incidence rates of noso...

background: resistance to anti-tuberculosis (tb) drugs is a global problem. previous studies showed that the prevalence of primary mdr-tb is higher and has been increasing. the purpose of this study was to determine the primary drug resistance in strains isolated from patients with smear-positive of the new cases to anti-tb drugs. methods: in this cross-sectional study, 266 smear positive pulmo...

conclusions despite implementation of community-level harm reduction strategies in iran, infectious complications due to illicit drug use are frequent and often require care at the hospital. introducing harm reductions services at an inpatient level may improve the quality of care provided and help reduce the burden of accrue from drug use. background infectious complications among injection dr...