The 1896 precore (PC) mutation is the most frequent cause of hepatitis B virus e-antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Detection of the 1896 PC mutation has application in studies monitoring antiviral therapy and the natural history of the disease. Identification of this mutation is usually performed by direct sequencing, which is both costly and laborious. The aim...

Levosimendan enhances cardiac contractility primarily via Ca(2+) sensitization, and it induces vasodilation through the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. However, the concentration-dependent hemodynamic effects of levosimendan and its metabolites (R)-N-(4-(4-methyl-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide (OR-1896...

It is not possible in surgery to point with greater triumph to any operation than intra-peritoneal hysterectomy, when one thinks that only so lately as 1896 the operation was performed by very few surgeons on account of its very high mortality, but from 1896 to 1906 it came down to 2 per cent.

The 1896 Sanriku earthquake was a typical ‘tsunami earthquake’ which caused large tsunami despite its weak ground shaking. It occurred along the Japan Trench in the northern tsunami source area of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake where a delayed tsunami generation has been proposed. Hence the relation between the 1896 and 2011 tsunami sources is an important scientific as well as societal issue. The ...

When John Down was 18 years old, he had some kind of mystical experience. He met a girl that appeared so peculiar, that he felt sorry for her and, consciously or unconsciously, would spend his whole life searching for this phenomenon. He decided to study Medicine, became the director of the largest “Asylum for Idiots” in England and wrote articles and books about the thing that fascinated him s...

Joseph Babinski (1857-1932), a French neurologist of Polish descent, was the first person to describe extension of the big toe following stimulation of the sole of the foot on 22 February 1896 (Babinski, 1896). He referred to the sign as 'phénomène des orteils' (toes phenomenon) but it is now usually referred to eponymously as the 'Babinski sign' or descriptively as the extensor plantar response.

Classic inotropic agents provide short-term haemodynamic improvement in patients with heart failure, but their use has been associated with poor prognosis. A new category of inotropic agents, the Ca(2+) sensitizers, may provide an alternative longer lasting solution. Levosimendan is a relatively new Ca(2+) sensitizer which offers haemodynamic and symptomatic improvement by combining a positive ...

Stafford Leak Warren studied nuclear medicine in the United States during the twentieth century. He used radiation [3] to make images of the body for diagnosis or treatment and developed the mammogram, a breast imaging technique that uses low-energy X-rays to produce an image of breasts. Mammograms allow doctors to diagnose breast cancer in its early and most treatable stages. Warren was also a...

A form of this was conjectured by Gauss about 1800, [Chebyshev 1848/52] and [Chebyshev 1850/52] made notable progress with essentially elementary methods. The landmark paper Riemann 1859] made clear the intimate connection between prime numbers and the behavior of ζ(s) as a function of a complex variable. The theorem was proven independently by [Hadamard 1896] and [de la Vallée Poussin 1896] by...

to Station Hospital, Deolali, 011 26th February 1896, pending embarkation to England as an invalid. He contracted primary syphilis in December 1891: secondary symptoms appeared in January 1896. On admission here his general health was very poor: he was thin and debilitated. There were a large number of rupial ulcers present over the body generally, and 011 the fauces on the right side there was...