The relationship between Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX) signals and plant's tolerance to cold stress is investigated. Arabidopsis seedlings grown for 3 weeks were pretreated with 2 mM glutamate (Glu) and 2 mM MgCl2 for 48 h at room temperature to induce Mg-Proto IX accumulation. Then cold stress was performed at 4°C for additional 72 h. Glu + MgCl2 pre-treatments alleviated the subsequent c...

A few nucleotide sites of nuclear exons that flank introns are often conserved. A hypothesis has suggested that these sites, called "proto-splice sites," are remnants of recognition signals for the insertion of introns in the early evolution of eukaryotic genes. This notion of proto-splice sites has been an important basis for the insertional theory of introns. This hypothesis predicts that the...

meduiiary thyroid carcinoma (mtc) occurs both sporadically and in the autosomal dominantly inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia (men) type 2 syndromes. the distinction between true sporadic mtc and a new mutation familial case is important for future clinical management of both the patient and family. the susceptibility gene for hereditary mtc is the ret proto-oncogene. dna analysis for germl...

The case is made that the intracluster medium (ICM) in spiral-rich galaxy groups today probably has undergone much slower evolution than that in elliptical-rich groups and clusters. The environments of proto-clusters and proto-groups at z > 2 are likely similar to spiral-rich group environments at lower redshift. Therefore, like the ICM in spiral-rich groups today, the ICM in proto-groups and p...

The direct crystallization of dolomite from an aqueous solution at temperatures between 60–220 °C was followed in situ through time-resolved synchrotron-based energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction combined with offline high-resolution imaging, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. Crystalline CaMg(CO3)2 phases form through a three-stage process. In the first stage, a nanoparticulate magne...

Twelve proto-Elamite tablets and fragments were found during the 2006-07 excavation at Tape Sofalin in the northernCentral Iranian Plateau. The form and content of these tablets is entirely consistent with that of the standard and late proto-Elamite tablets from Susa, except TSF 11, which we date to the Susa II/GodinV Period. Although all of the inscribedobjects from Tape Sofalin published here...

Abstract Conditions in the outer protoplanetary disk during solar system formation were thought to be favorable for of amorphous water ice (AWI), a glassy phase ice. However, subsequent collisional processing could have shock-crystallized any AWI present. Here we use iSALE shock physics hydrocode simulate impacts between large icy bodies at impact velocities relevant these environments, and the...