Interleukin-21 (IL-21) can be produced by CD8 T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals and those with autoimmune disease, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that IL-21-producing CD8 T cells are not associated with CD4 depletion and are absent in patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Instead, IL-21 production by CD8 T cells was associated with high levels of ...

18 The formation and rapid drainage of supraglacial lakes (SGL) influences the mass balance and 19 dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Although SGLs are expected to spread inland 20 during the 21 century due to atmospheric warming, less is known about their future spatial 21 distribution and volume. We use GrIS surface elevation model and regional climate model 22 outputs to show that a...

The role of Trisomy 21 in causing specific speech and language development is discussed by Paoloni-Giacobino and colleagues in a recent report of the development of a 14 year old girl with mosaic Down syndrome. Trisomic cells are reported as being from 0.7% – 12% in different cell lines. This young girl is reported to have moderately delayed articulation and phonology and reduced fluency in her...

Low temperature (LT) is one of the most abiotic stresses causing loss of yield in wheat (T. aestivum). Four major genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the dominant alleles designated Vrn–A1,Vrn–B1,Vrn–D1 and Vrn4, are known to have large effects on the vernalization response, but the effects on cold hardiness are ambiguous. Poor cold tolerance has restricted winter wheat production in reg...

This poster discusses the multichannel publication of multimedia presentations using MPEG-21 DIDL and extensions. Different descriptions belonging to one MPEG-21 content item are combined and processed into a publication targeted at a specific channel and platform.

This paper develops a number of aspects of metadata-driven adaptation within the MPEG-21 framework that we consider are not clearly covered in the standard. Specifically, the paper introduces three complementary description tools that we have made use of and that we consider would fill certain gaps in the standard. Besides, this paper offers a group of architectural design patterns along with a...