The formation of H-phosphonate diesters is an important step in the synthesis of oligonucleotides. Using diphenylchlorophosphate as the activator for the coupling step is often accompanied by side reactions as a result of self 'capping' and other reactions of the reactive intermediate. In the absence of base, the activation of ethyl H-phosphonate with diphenylchlorophosphate probably occurs thr...

Fuel oil used in power plants contain metal impurities like Vanadium. After combustion, this metal remains in boiler fuel ash in the form of oxide. In this research, extraction of Vanadium oxide from fuel ash has been investigated. Two processes were used for this purpose. A pyro- hydrometallurgy and a hydrometallurgy process. In the pyro-hydrometallurgy process, using sodium carbonate, salt ro...

Vorticity-driven lateral fire spread (VLS) is a form of dynamic fire behaviour, during which a wildland fire spreads rapidly across a steep leeward slope in a direction approximately transverse to the background winds. VLS is often accompanied by a downwind extension of the active flaming region and intense pyro-convection. In this study, the WRF-Fire (WRF stands for Weather Research and Foreca...

A fire storm that occurred on 28 May 2001 and devastated the town of Chisholm, ∼150 km north of Edmonton, Alberta, induced a violent fire-invigorated cumulonimbus cloud. This pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) had overshooting tops of 2.5–3 km above the tropopause, and injected massive amounts of smoke into the lower stratosphere. Fortunately, this event occurred under good coverage of radar, rain gau...

Comparatively little attention has been given to the pyro and almost none to the meta form of phosphate in plant and animal studies. Since reporting the occurrence of pyrophosphate in muscle in 1928, LOHMANN (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) has conducted a number of experiments on the occurrence and transformation of pyrophosphate in animal tissue. He also made a few similar studies with yeast and p...

Ailanthone, a quassinoid from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, is natural herbicide, whose use limited by its low persistence and rapid degradation in organic substrates. Dextrin-based nanosponges (NSs) are polymers with cage-like structure that can complex several molecules, acting as carriers or protectors. Their encapsulation efficiency be exploited numerous applications. Hence this stud...

Pyro, which stands for Python Robotics, is a Python-based robotics programming environment that enables students to explore topics in robotics. Programming robot behaviors in Pyro is akin to programming in a high-level general purpose programming language; Pyro provides abstractions for low-level robot-specific features much like the abstractions provided in high-level programming languages. Co...

A new physical mechanism is proposed for generating transient phase gratings in transparent pyroelectric materials. The mechanism combines the pyroelectric and electro-optic effects to convert spatial intensity variations into transient phase gratings. The grating diffraction efficiency increases with a figure of merit that is proportional to the pyroelectric, electro-optic, and absorption coef...

The model has been developed by considering two distinct zones in the downdraft gasifier: pyro-oxidation zone and reduction zone. The process in the pyro-oxidation zone has been solved based on the chemical equilibrium consideration considering water gas shift reaction and methanation reaction. The composition of different species (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, N2 and Char) and the temperature of the ...