The first half of this note concerns modules; so let R be a nonzero associative ring with unit. A countably infinite direct product of copies of R, which we will usually regard as a left R-module, will be written R (ω denoting the set of natural numbers); the corresponding direct sum, i.e., the free left R-module of countably infinite rank, will be written ⊕ ω R. Here, now, are the two not-alwa...

Mud volcanoes are defined as main elements of geological structures and ways through and within which buried argillaceous loose sediments and lithified rocks. The Gharniaregh Tappeh and Naftelijeh mud volcanoes are the most attractive geomorphological phenomena in continental which appear along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. The Naftelijeh mud volcano is more active than Gharniaregh–Tapp...

hyrcanian forests are the most valuable forests in the north of iran and industrial harvesting occurs only in this area. it is a productive region near the southern coast of caspian sea. in these forests mixed beech stands mostly shown uneven-aged structure that is managed under selection system. in order to determine the priority of uneven aged method not only from an ecological view, but also...

We show how the wide range in strengths of intensifying degree adverbs (e.g. very and extremely) could be explained by pragmatic inference based on differing cost, rather than differing semantics. This predicts a linear relationship between the meaning of intensifiers and their length and log-frequency. We test this prediction in two studies, using two different dependent measures, finding that...