IT H KA SN O T The deepest hole humans have ever dug reaches 12 kilometers below the ground of Russia’s Kola Peninsula. Although we now have a spacecraft on its way to Pluto—about six billion kilometers away from the sun—we still cannot send a probe into the deep earth. For practical purposes, then, the center of the planet, which lies 6,380 kilometers below us, is farther away than the edge of...

Nomad is a mobile robot designed for extended planetary exploration. In June and July of 1997, Nomad performed the first such mission, traversing more than 220 kilometers in the Atacama Desert of Chile and exploring a landscape analogous to that of the Moon and Mars. Nomad's journey, the Atacama Desert Trek, was an unprecedented demonstration of long-distance, long-duration robotic operation. G...

Our central proposition is that monitoring costs increase with physical distance, and hence, direct investments located further from the foreign investor’s home base should be more likely formed as joint ventures. Tests on a data set of Taiwanese direct investments in Mainland China provide robust support to the hypothesis. A project that was located 1000 kilometers further away was 13-17% more...

The hazardous effect of water pollution on the histopathology of gill organ of the pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata was studied with respect to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in Al-Khiran coast at Kuwait. Thirty oyster samples from each site, site one where dead oysters were located, site two which is two kilometers away from site one and the control site which is ten kilometers aw...

As a small Russian exclave some 300 kilometers away from the bulk of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad Oblast is rarely mentioned in discussions of NATO expansion. (Kaliningrad is the Russian name of the city and oblast , or province. In German, the city now called Kaliningrad was long known as Königsberg; in Polish it was Królewiec; and in Lithuanian Karaliaucius. The Russian name will be us...

BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure is an important public health concern in Ethiopia, but there is limited information on pesticide intoxications. Residents may have an increased risk of pesticide exposure through proximity of their homes to farms using pesticides. Also the pesticide exposure might be related to employment at these farms. This study investigated the prevalence of acute pesticide int...

We used three-dimensional inverse scattering of core-reflected shear waves for large-scale, high-resolution exploration of Earth's deep interior (D'') and detected multiple, piecewise continuous interfaces in the lowermost layer (D'') beneath Central and North America. With thermodynamic properties of phase transitions in mantle silicates, we interpret the images and estimate in situ temperatur...

In 2021, a beach nourishment project was carried out in Balneário Camboriú, during the process, it found presence of 53 taxa Conchifera associated with sediment dredged from borrowing area. This source area is located 15 kilometers away Praia Central and has an average depth 31m. The organisms were on without life, indicating that borrow consists bank rich allochthonous biodetritus.

Drawing on fieldwork carried out among different South African poor people’s movements, this article explores what is played the fringes of type mobilization. Away from noise demonstrations, we can observe particularities a commitment that links together cause being defended, immediate socio-spatial environment activists, and their everyday worlds—a rooted in ‘regime near’. The space activism t...

Illustration of the black hole in Cygnus X-1, a binary star system 6000 light-years away. A disk of stellar material feeds this black hole, which is 15 times as massive as the Sun but less than 60 kilometers across. As it falls toward the black hole, some of the material gets expelled in two opposite jets. A section highlighting recent research on black holes begins on page 535. For the story b...