There can be several sophisticated attacks motivated by selfish, resource saving nature of nodes in a civilian co-operation based ad-hoc network. A distributed rating model based castigation can be useful to discourage selfish nodes from performing these attacks. Even if an attacker is detected, it is hard to charge an accused node in a dynamic environment of ad-hoc network. In this paper we de...

OBJECTIVE To describe the socio-demographic along with the medico-legal characteristics of rape victims reporting to a female police station of Lahore. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Female Police Station in Shadman, Lahore, from, June 1995 to January 2009. METHODOLOGY A total of 74 cases of alleged rape victims were identified while reviewing all available ...

Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966) required that suspects be explicitly warned of the right to avoid self-incrimination and the right to legal representation. This research was designed to examine whether stress, induced via an accusation of wrong-doing, undermined or enhanced suspects' ability to comprehend their Miranda rights. Participants were randomly assigned to either be accused (n ...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the perceptions of accused bullies in terms of their experiences of fairness in the manner in which the complaint against them was managed, and examine the subsequent health and career ramifications of being accused of workplace bullying. Design/methodology/approach – This exploratory study was carried out through a mixed methodology: 30 manager...

The relationship between intention and negligence (dolus and culpa), in the context of the crimes of murder and culpable homicide, has become somewhat clouded since the decision of S v Ngubane 1985 (3) SA 677 (A) at 687E-I. This is due to the fact that the Appellate Division (as it was then), ruled that it is incorrect to assume, on the same facts, that proof of intention excludes the possibili...