the ground connection between iran and egypt was established long before the achaemenid period. many unsuccessful efforts were also made by egyptian pharaohs to establish maritime connections before the achaemenids. with the conquest of egypt by cambyses (529-522 b.c), in the year 525 b.c, it was under the rule of achaemenids. after the death of cambyses, darius i (522-486 b.c) defeated the gau...

in this article the sins and the presence of the women in ardavirafnameh, a pahlavi book, has been surveyed. the book is one of the important religious books of zoroastrianism. although this book has been written contemporarily but the foundation of the introduced ideas comes from sasanians period. since the book has directly addressed some women's issues and state of their sins in the day...

The article analyzes application of the name Adurbadagan to both sides modern Azerbaijan divided by Araz river into southern or Iranian and northern independent Republic Azerbaijan. authors believe that roots Avestan words Azar Atash. As a historical political term, originates from Achaemenids’ Aturpatakan (Atropatena) evolving Sassanian Adurbadagan—a Zoroastrian center empire. Since late Antiq...

Abstract Despite Iran’s longstanding reputation for sustainable water management, the country currently faces mounting water-related challenges caused by population growth, industrial development, urban sprawl, lifestyle changes, climate change, territorial conflicts, poor and insufficient public participation. Since past present share similar origins patterns, addressing is imperative. After g...