Climate change scenarios predict that rivers, lakes, and reservoirs will experience increased temperatures, more intense and longer periods of thermal stratification, modified hydrology, and altered nutrient loading. These environmental drivers will have substantial effects on freshwater phytoplankton species composition and biomass, potentially favouring cyanobacteria over other phytoplankton....

Some cyanobacteria of the order Nostocales can form akinetes, spore-like dormant cells resistant to various unfavorable environmental fluctuations. Akinetes are larger than vegetative and contain large quantities reserve products, mainly glycogen nitrogen storage polypeptide polymer cyanophycin. enveloped in a thick protective coat containing multilayered structure able germinate into new under...

The cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae and many other phytoplankton species have a complex life cycle that includes a resting stage (akinete). We present a new agent-based (also known as individual-based) model of Anabaena that includes the formation and behavior of akinetes. The model is part of a coupled Eulerian– Lagrangian model and can reproduce the main features of the observed seasonal a...