Ever since the adoption by American Dental Association in 1929 of test specification of dental amalgam alloys as A. D. A. specification No. 1 [ 1 ], many studies have been successively carried out on the physical, chemical, mechanical and clinical properties as manipulative variable affecting clinical results of this widely used restorative material. Amalgam has come to account for nearly 75% u...

OBJECTIVE To compare survival rates and cost differentials between the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique and amalgams by type of dental personnel in Ecuador, Panama, and Uruguay. METHODS Children 7 to 9 years of age in rural and urban schools with at least one lesion with initial cavitated enamel caries or a dentinal lesion on a first permanent molar were selected and randomize...

Few biological puzzles are more intriguing than colorectal cancer. While the disease is common and appears to occur sporadically, familial syndromes are well documented. Tantalizing clues concerning the relationship between diet and colorectal cancer have been studied for years, but the incidence of the disease has not decreased despite wide public education of these associations. Colorectal ca...

BACKGROUND Failure of dental restorations is a major concern in dental practice. Replacement of failed restorations constitutes the majority of operative work. Clinicians should be aware of the longevity of, and likely reasons for the failure of, direct posterior restorations. In a long-term, randomized clinical trial, the authors compared the longevity of amalgam and composite. SUBJECTS, METHO...

The posterior restorative material of choice depends on the individual clinical situation and patient. Amalgam has a long history of use and clinical success. Esthetic restorations are increasingly in demand, and include glass ionomers, compomers and composite resins. Fluoride release is a desirable attribute in a restorative material, as are wear resistance, low polymerization shrinkage and lo...

In recent years, the increasing demand for aesthetically appealing, naturally-coloured dental restoration options has given rise to a growth in the use of composites in the posterior dental area [1-5]. The declining acceptance of dental amalgam and the mercury problem also makes an alternative to amalgam necessary [6,7]. In a statement from the German Scientific Association for Operative Dentis...

OBJECTIVES This paper reports on the replacement risk of different treatment modalities for Class II amalgam restorations in a clinical trial of 15 years duration. METHODS The performance of 1117 conventional Class II amalgam restorations in a controlled, longitudinal study were analysed using logistic regression with a random component. Primary variables regarding replacement risk were the t...

AIM Surveys on reasons for the placement and replacement of restorations have been conducted in various countries. The purpose of this paper is to bring together and review the data of 10 such surveys with similar methodology. METHOD The studies reviewed are all based on the protocol described by Mjör in 1981. RESULTS The surveys reviewed provide data on the reasons for the placement and re...

The design of a water distribution system (WDS) involves finding an acceptable trade-off between multiple conflicting objectives, particularly in terms of minimizing cost and maximizing system benefits (such as hydraulic reliability). The goal in multi-objective optimization is to find a set of design solutions which embodies an acceptable trade-off between these costs and benefits, enabling th...