The term “plea bargaining”has become a label often used to describe a series of disparate mechanisms to investigate,prosecute,and adjudicate criminal liability. For some,plea bargaining is the indispensable tool to address criminal conduct,while for others it has become a symbol of coercion and injustice. The purpose of this Article will be to distinguish the very different mechanisms that are ...

Different attempts have been made to answer Reich's question why the majority of those who are hungry don't steal and why the majority of those who are exploited don't strike. The two most influential approaches have been the ideological one and the gunman theory. The gunman theory seems to have the upper hand in that it not only explains many cases of successful oppression by a minority of a m...

China is a country that is arousing a large amount of interest as a new mega-market, as it opens itself to a market-orientated economy and expands at a remarkable rate. However, the influx of international investment, new business opportunities and advertising from overseas has seen Chinese consumers being exposed to potentially offensive advertising products and images. While some products and...

Children in single-parent families, particularly children born to unmarried parents, are at high risk for experiencing material hardship. Previous research based on cross-sectional data suggests that father involvement, especially visitation, diminishes hardship. This article uses longitudinal data to examine the associations between nonresident fathers' involvement with their children and mate...

AIMS A historical cohort mortality study was conducted among 17 668 members of the Construction Workers' Health Insurance Society of Mie Prefecture in Japan, in order to verify the relation between occupations and mortality status. METHODS The cohort was followed from 2 April 1973 to 1 April 1998. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for all members and each job classification....

background: hospital is a place to provide medical services. it is affected by noise pollution sources that can be associated with negative impacts on health and comfort status of the staff members and patients. the aim of this study was to measure noise levels in different wards of hospitals and to determine the irritation caused by noise among the hospital staff members in hamadan, iran. meth...