It is difficult to predict the heating time and power consumption associated with the self-heating process of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures. A temperature-rise model considering the dynamic changes in battery temperature and state of charge is thus proposed. When this model is combined with the ampere-hour integral method, the quantitative relationship among the discharge rate, heat...

We present an experimental method based on Ohm’s Law to calibrate the Keithley 6485 picoammeter with the calibration error less than 0.4 pico-ampere (pA), which is specified as the highest sensitivity of this instrument. The maximum calibration difference between the measurement current and the calibration current in the picoammeter’s 2 nano-ampere (nA) range is 0.25 pA. This difference is far ...

In this paper, we propose a scheme to generate tunable coherent X-ray radiation for future light source applications. This scheme uses an energy chirped electron beam, a laser modulator, a laser chirper and two bunch compressors to generate a prebunched kilo-Ampere current electron beam from a few tens Ampere electron beam out of a linac. The initial modulation energy wavelength can be compress...

Using an example of the galaxy, an attempt is made to explain the flat rotational curves of gas and plasma in galaxies by means of the Ampere force. Using acceptable models for the galactic magnetic field and plausible physical parameters, we find that the flat rotational curves for gas and plasma can be obtained based purely on the observed baryonic (visible) matter distribution and the ampere...

Magnetomotive force (mmf) Magnetomotive force is the flux producing ability of an electric current in a magnetic circuit. [It is something similar to electromotive force in an electric circuit]. [Unit of magnetomotive force is ampere (A)] Note: Although some books use the term ampere-turns, it is strictly not correct as turns is not a dimension] mmf I = Σ I Consider a coil having N turns as sho...

Using an example of the galaxy, an attempt is made to explain the flat rotational curves of galaxies by means of the Ampere force. This is the first attempt of fitting the rotational curve without both non-baryonic dark matter and modifications to gravity. Using acceptable models for the galactic magnetic field and plausible physical parameters, we find that the flat rotational curves can be ob...