Actively granting food to a companion is called pro-social behavior and is considered to be part of altruism. Recent findings show that some non-human primates behave pro-socially. However, pro-social behavior is not expected in despotic species, since the steep dominance hierarchy will hamper pro-sociality. We show that some despotic long-tailed macaques do grant others access to food. Moreove...

Differences between related species are usually explained as separate adaptations produced by individual selection. I discuss in this paper how related species, which differ in many respects, may evolve by a combination of individual selection, self-organization, and group-selection, requiring an evolutionary adaptation of only a single trait. In line with the supposed evolution of despotic spe...

PURPOSE Belief in conspiracy theories about societal events is widespread among citizens. The extent to which conspiracy beliefs about managers and supervisors matter in the micro-level setting of organizations has not yet been examined, however. We investigated if leadership styles predict conspiracy beliefs among employees in the context of organizations. Furthermore, we examined if such orga...

Group-living animals routinely have to reach a consensus decision and choose between mutually exclusive actions in order to coordinate their activities and benefit from sociality. Theoretical models predict "democratic" rather than "despotic" decisions to be widespread in social vertebrates, because they result in lower "consensus costs"-the costs of an individual foregoing its optimal action t...

Societies under similar geographic and economic conditions and subject to similar external influences nonetheless develop very di↵erent types of states. At one extreme are weak states with little capacity and ability to regulate economic or social relations. At the other are despotic states which dominate civil society. Yet there are others which are locked into an ongoing competition with civi...

background: parenting style in communication with teenagers is a complex and double way process that affects progress and success of all generations both at present time and future. due to the importance of having accurate knowledge about mothers' parenting style and its underlying factors, it has been assessed in this study. methods: this study was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 737 fe...

resistance poem is a committed poem which is not at the service of despotic ruling system interests and its desires and expresses all issues with explicit language without consideration of innovation and fantasy. there is no complexity in the resistance poem. it does not specify truth and  does not inform its audience unless the political suffrage dominate the poem then the poet’s goals are exp...