Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of infrastructure for and in ascertaining captivations of foreign direct investment (FDI). This work aims to investigate the effects of host country's infrastructure availability along with exchange rate and market size on inflows of FDI towards Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs autoregressive distributed lag (A...

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of crude oil price on global fertilizer prices in both the mean and volatility. The endogenous structural breakpoint unit root test, ARDL model, and alternative volatility models, including GARCH, EGARCH, and GJR models, are used to investigate the relationship between crude oil price and six global fertilizer prices. The empirical result...

This paper examines the short and long run relationships between trade balance, real exchange rates, income and money supply in the case of Malaysia. The inclusion of income and money variables in the study is purposely to examine the monetary and absorption approaches to the balance of payments beside the conventional approach of elasticity, using exchange rates. Using the bound testing approa...

This paper re-examines Dornbusch’s (1976) sticky-price monetary model to exchange rate determination by employing both conventional Johansen’s (1988, 1990, 1994) maximum likelihood cointegration test and the ARDL Bound test by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001) for the monthly data of Taiwan over the period 1986:01∼2003:04. Ambiguous results are found for the long-run equilibrium relationship betw...

Sustainable economic growth requires financial sector development. However, development is low in Ethiopia. Hence, the main objective of study was to examine determinants Annual data from 1980 2019 used and examined by ARDL estimation technique. Private credit money supply as percentage GDP were dependent variables. Independent variables include external debt, reserve requirement, real exchange...

There are some factors predicted tohave an effect on the countries’ economic devlopment. This study aimed to analyze long-term and short-term effects of In-flation, Exchange Rate, Foreign Economic Growth (the destination United States, China, Japan) Indonesian Export. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model is used in this analysis from 1968 through 2017. results show that long-term, i...