Stimulants have, in their own ways, played a leading role shaping today’s globalised world. Their world-shaping power stems from double role: as “agents” that stimulate bodies, and things “rouse incite” capital. In this issue of Commodity Frontiers, contributions center on the histories presents some stimulant crops sites processes cultivation, expansion, transformations. Contributors variously...

BACKGROUND This paper explores the magnitude of--and extent of overlap between--additive genetic, shared environmental and non-shared environmental influences on lifetime stimulant use and on stimulant abuse/dependence symptoms; the associations between stimulant use and cannabis use and the extent to which these associations can be attributed to common or correlated genetic and environmental i...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Suplatast tosilate is a Th2 cytokine inhibitor that is effective for controlling persistent asthma. However, the long-term efficacy of suplatast is unknown. We compared the clinical efficacy of long-term monotherapy with suplatast tosilate with a low dose of inhaled steroids in patients with mild atopic asthma. METHODS A total of 32 patients with mild atopic asthma we...

Eosinophils are abundantly present in most phenotypes of asthma and they contribute to the maintenance and exacerbations of the disease. Regulators of eosinophil longevity play critical roles in determining whether eosinophils accumulate into the airways of asthmatics. Several cytokines enhance eosinophil survival promoting eosinophilic airway inflammation while for example glucocorticoids, the...

Aquilaria malaccensis is a tropical tree that produces expensive resinous heartwood agarwood through the natural process induced by or artificial injury microbial infection. Fungi are commonly noticed as main component responsible for formation. The current review investigated quality and fungi diversity in from A. malecensis trees rainforest various pharmaceutical applications. Apart being an ...

Novel approaches to the treatment of stimulant abuse and dependence are needed. Clinical data examining the use of exercise as a treatment for the abuse of nicotine, alcohol, and other substances suggest that exercise may be a beneficial treatment for stimulant abuse. In addition, exercise has been associated with improvements in many other health-related areas that may be adversely affected by...

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are a common cause of palpitations. Related symptoms include difficulty breathing, chest pain, fatigue, and dizziness. PVCs are also commonly detected incidentally on electrocardiography, outpatient ambulatory monitoring, and inpatient telemetry. Treatment goals include palliating symptoms, restoring cardiac function if affected, and preventing progression...

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine factors that are associated with aggression that is responsive versus refractory to individualized optimization of stimulant monotherapy among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Children who were aged 6 to 13 years and had ADHD, either oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder, significant aggres...