There are currently two types of approved influenza vaccines: inactivated or recombinant vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines. The live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) constructed on a backbone of an A/ Leningrad virus strain into which the seasonal haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) selected for the vaccine were inserted by reassortment, were used in the former Soviet Union for ...

The aim of this study was to identify the cell surface cluster of differentiation (CD) markers of the cell lines infected by Theileria annulata schizont. The CD molecules are very useful for the characterization of cells and different subpopulations of leukocytes. They are usually recognized by specific antibodies using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In the current stud...

BACKGROUND Universal vaccination of children 6 to 59 months of age with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine has recently been recommended by U.S. advisory bodies. To evaluate alternative vaccine approaches, we compared the safety and efficacy of intranasally administered live attenuated influenza vaccine with those of inactivated vaccine in infants and young children. METHODS Children 6 t...

OBJECTIVE Live attenuated influenza vaccine may protect against wild-type influenza illness shortly after vaccine administration by innate immunity. The 2003-2004 influenza A (H3N2) outbreak arrived early, and the circulating strain was antigenically distinct from the vaccine strain. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for healthy school-aged chi...

The Canadian Paediatric Society continues to encourage annual influenza vaccination for ALL children and youth ≥6 months of age. Recommendations from the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) for the 2017/2018 influenza season are not substantially changed from those of last season. NACI has conducted a review of all available vaccine effectiveness data concerning live attenuated i...

Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection after innoculation of live vaccine is considered to result from impaired immunity. However, in half of the cases, regarded as idiopathic, no well-defined immunodeficiency condition can account for the infection. The objective of this study was to report the prevalence, clinical features, associated infections, and outcome of children with id...

Epistasis results when the fitness effects of a mutation change depending on the presence or absence of other mutations in the genome. The predictions of many influential evolutionary hypotheses are determined by the existence and form of epistasis. One rich source of data on the interactions among deleterious mutations that has gone untapped by evolutionary biologists is the literature on the ...