Due to the nonlinear nature of the Bang-Bang phase-locked loops (BBPLLs), its transient analysis is very difficult. In this paper, new equations are proposed for expression of transient behavior of the second order BBPLLs to phase step input. This approach gives new insights into the transient behavior of BBPLLs. Approximating transient response to reasonable specific waveform the loop tran...

background and objective: obstructive sleep apnea (osa) is considered a common sleep disorder that increases the risk of traffic accidents among drivers. this study aimed to assess the association between mallampati score and stop-bang (snoring, tiredness, observed apnea, blood pressure, body mass index, age, neck circumference, gender) score in commercial drivers. materials and methods: 1743 m...

A 3.2Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for a high-speed serial link without the reference clock is described. The CDR has a phase and frequency detector (PD and FD), which incorporates a half-rate bang-bang type oversampling PD and a half-rate frequency detector that can achieve low-jitter operation and improve pull-in range. The PD of oversamping method finds a phase error by generati...

In this paper, slewing maneuver of a flexible spacecraft with large angle of rotation is considered and assuming structural frequency uncertainties a robust minimum-time optimal control law is developed. Considering typical bang-bang control commands with multiple symmetrical switches, a parameter optimization procedure is introduced to find the control forces/torques. The constrained minimizat...

This paper introduces a simple and hardware efficient clock recovery method for high speed serial links and compares its performance with conventional techniques. Conventional methods are conceptually complex and difficult to realize since they rely on data transitions to recover the clock by oversampling the received signal. In contrast, the new method monitors one or more signal levels and al...

in this paper, an integration of improve particle swarm optimization (ipso) incombination with successive quadratic programming (sqp) so called ipso-sqpalgorithm is proposed to solve time optimal bang-bang control problems. theprocedure is found not sensitive to the initial guess of the solution. due to randomselection in the first stage of the search process, the chance of converging to theglo...

A constrained version of the Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm for the efficient solution of the optimal reservoir operation problems is proposed in this paper. Big Bang-Big Crunch (BB-BC) algorithm is a new meta-heuristic population-based algorithm that relies on one of the theories of the evolution of universe namely, the Big Bang and Big Crunch theory. An improved formulation of the algorithm na...

In this paper an exact transient analysis of Bang-Bang PLLs (BBPLLs), as a nonlinear system, is presented. New equations are proposed for expression of transient behavior of the BBPLL with first order filter in response to phase step input. This approach gives new insights into the transient behavior of BBPLLs. Approximating transient response to reasonable specific waveform; the loop transient...