Phytophthora ramorum, an invasive pathogen and the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death, has become established in mixed-evergreen and redwood forests in coastal northern California. While oak and tanoak mortality is the most visible indication of P. ramorum's presence, epidemics are largely driven by the presence of bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), a reservoir host that supports both prolifi...

Phytophthora ramorum (Oomycota) (Werres et al., 2001) is the plant pathogen responsible for the lethal disease of several oak species in California known as sudden oak death. The pathogen also causes a foliar disease on Umbellularia californica (bay laurel or simply bay). Bay leaves have been identifi ed as the major source of natural inoculum in California coastal woodlands. Because of the epi...

The invasive redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is the primary vector of Raffaelea lauricola, a symbiotic fungus and the etiologic agent of laurel wilt. This lethal disease has caused severe mortality of redbay (Persea borbonia) and swampbay (P. palustris) trees in the southeastern USA, threatens avocado (P. americana) production in Florida, and has potential to impact additional New ...

Variation in virulence was examined among isolates of Phytophthora ramorum from epidemiologically important or infectious (non-oak) and transmissive dead-end (oak) hosts from North America. Twelve isolates representative of the genetic, geographic and host range of P. ramorum in the western United States were inoculated on leaves of Umbellularia californica (bay laurel or bay) and stems of Quer...

the hydro-distilled volatile oils, obtained from dried e ndocarp and hulls of persian bay laurel ( laurus nobilis var. angustifolia ) from laueaceae family were analyzed by gc/ms. thirteen and twelve compounds consisting 81.6% and 89.1% of the total components were identified of the oils obtained with a yield of 3% and 1.2% (w/w) respectively. differences of some compounds between endocarp and ...

The accurate identification of bay leaf in natural products commerce may often be confusing as the name is applied to several different species of aromatic plants. The true "bay leaf", also known as "bay laurel" or "sweet bay", is sourced from the tree Laurus nobilis, a native of the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the leaves of several other species including Cinnamomum tamala, Litsea glau...

Essential oils are natural antimicrobials that have the potential to provide a safer alternative to synthetic antimicrobials currently used in the food industry. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from white wormwood, rose-scented geranium and bay laurel against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fr...

An attack of Lauritrioza alacris (Flor, 1861) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) was recorded in a commercial plantation bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L., Lauraceae) the municipality Dois Lajeados, Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), Brazil. The immature triozids induced galls on attacked leaves consisting thickened margins that became folded downward, forming an elongated tube-shaped roll sheltered immatures. All ...

Factors that influence fungal communities in ambrosia beetle mycangia are poorly understood. The beetle that is responsible for spreading laurel wilt in SE USA, Xyleborus glabratrus, was examined at three sites along a 500 km N-S transect in Florida, each populated by host trees in the Lauraceae. Fungal phenotypes were quantified in mycangia of individual females that were collected from a site...

Few studies have quantified pathogen impacts to ecosystem processes, despite the fact that pathogens cause or contribute to regional-scale tree mortality. We measured litterfall mass, litterfall chemistry, and soil nitrogen (N) cycling associated with multiple hosts along a gradient of mortality caused by Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death. In redwood forests, the epidemiologic...