Humans possess a remarkable ability to discriminate structure from randomness in the environment. However, this ability appears to be systematically biased. This is nowhere more evident than in the Gambler's Fallacy (GF)-the mistaken belief that observing an increasingly long sequence of "heads" from an unbiased coin makes the occurrence of "tails" on the next trial ever more likely. Although t...

10 not believe what it is not able to derive) and mutual introspection (if an agent a i believes A then another agent a j believes that a i believes A). Thus for instance common belief can be axiomatized by introducing a new predicate symbol CB(:), and, for any a i , by adding the following two bridge rules to the deduction machinery.

Conspiracy theories are ubiquitous (e.g., 9/11, COVID-19) and can have negative consequences prejudice). Thus, there is an increasing need for evidence-based recommendations (e.g. possible target groups) with respect to interventions prevention measures. Present Bayesian three-level meta -analysis (686 correlations, 127 independent samples) includes a synthesis of the extant literature 12 perso...

Political fake news continues to be a threat contemporary societies, negatively affecting public and democratic institutions. The literature has identified political bias as one of the main predictors belief spread news. However, academic debate not been consensual regarding effect identity on discernment This systematic review (2017–2021) seeks understand whether there is consistent evidence t...