The effect of an electric field on the bending behavior of [001] oriented and poled relaxor Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) single crystals was measured using a four point bending apparatus with a longitudinal electric field applied to the bar during bending. The surface finish and electric field amplitude were observed to affect the bending strength. Polished surfaces imp...

Mechanical bending is ubiquitous in heteroepitaxial growth of thin films where the strained growing film applies effectively an “external” stress to bend the substrate. Conventionally, when the deposited film is much thinner than the substrate, the bending increases linearly with increasing film thickness following the classical Stoney formula. Here we analyze the bending of ultrathin nanometer...

F-actin bundles constitute principal components of a multitude of cytoskeletal processes including stereocilia, filopodia, microvilli, neurosensory bristles, cytoskeletal stress fibers, and the sperm acrosome. The bending, buckling, and stretching behaviors of these processes play key roles in cellular functions ranging from locomotion to mechanotransduction and fertilization. Despite their cen...

In this paper we investigate the interaction between a granular layer and an elastic foundation using a coupled Discrete Element Method-Finite Element Method (DEM–FEM) computational model. We use this dynamics code to simulate quasi-static bending of the granular layer and we observe the changes taking place in the structure of the force chains for two cases: with and without rolling resistance...

For ex vivo measurements of fracture callus stiffness in small animals, different test methods, such as torsion or bending tests, are established. Each method provides advantages and disadvantages, and it is still debated which of those is most sensitive to experimental conditions (i.e. specimen alignment, directional dependency, asymmetric behavior). The aim of this study was to experimentally...

Although the asymmetry in the upward and downward bending of insect wings is well known, the structural origin of this asymmetry is not yet clearly understood. Some researchers have suggested that based on experimental results, the bending asymmetry of insect wings appears to be a consequence of the camber inherent in the wings. Although an experimental approach can reveal this phenomenon, anot...

This paper explores the mechanism of bending with kinking of a long single-walled carbon nanotube under pure bending with moderate bending angles. The prebuckling response was modeled using the existing continuum mechanics theory accounting for the ovalization of the cross section. The post-buckling behavior was characterized by the development of an elastic kink mechanism, considering the van ...