Underlying many kinds of emergent behavior in biology are the critical changes in connectivity that occur, as links increase between the elements of a system. The behavior of systems with nearcritical connectivity is essentially chaotic and may be an important source of variety in biology. In most models of biological systems (for example, dynamical systems, cellular automata, state spaces) the...

Lipids active in biological systems demonstrate a broad range of behavior in water, from hydrocarbons which are insoluble, to molecules such as bile salts that possess potent detergent properties and interact with water rather dynamically. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the physical properties of lipids with respect to their inter— action with aqueous systems, and to classify ...

With the population growth and consequently the requirement for development of civil constructions, it is necessary to design appropriate foundations for resisting structural loads. Soil weakness in bearing capacity of geotechnical elements has forced the researchers to continuously follow a solution to compensate for this deficiency. Within the past two decades, many studies have been carried ...