Building upon a recent study that showed windbreaks to be effective in increasing the power output of a wind turbine, the potential of windbreaks in a large wind farm is explored using simplified formulations. A top-down boundary layer approach is combined with methods of estimating both the roughness effects of windbreaks and the induced inviscid speed-up for nearby turbines to investigate pow...

• Effect of windbreaks on paddock microclimate highly dependent time year/day Effects are most pronounced during extreme environmental conditions Windbreak effects temperature/humidity summer Windbreaks reduced wind by up to 70%, but varied with speed and direction Understanding windbreak variability is important for predicting agricultural benefits modify microclimatic within systems, however ...

Ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions on which human life relies for existence, and their effectiveness formed and sustained by ecosystem and its ecological processes. In newly research reports, they were divided into four groups, i. e., provisioning services, regulation services, cultural services, and supporting services. To assess and valuate ecosystem services is the...