Black hole attack is one kind of routing disturbing attacks and can bring great damage to all clusters of a MANET. Security remains a major challenge for these networks due to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies, and infrastructure-less property. As a result, an efficient algorithm to detect black hole attack is important. This paper proposes and evaluates strategies ...

Nature-inspired algorithms are recently being appreciated for solving complex optimization and engineering problems. Black hole algorithm is one of the recent nature-inspired algorithms that have obtained inspiration from black hole theory of universe. In this paper, four formulations of multi-objective black hole algorithm have been developed by using combination of weighted objectives, use of...

In a network environment supporting mobile entities (called robots or agents), a black hole is a harmful site that destroys any incoming entity without leaving any visible trace. The black-hole search problem is the task of a team of k > 1 mobile entities, starting from the same safe location and executing the same algorithm, to determine within finite time the location of the black hole. In th...

We consider the problem of locating a black hole in a synchronous, anonymous, and unoriented torus network using mobile agents. A black hole is a harmful network node that destroys any agent visiting it without leaving any trace. The objective is to locate the black hole using as few agents as possible. We present here an almost optimal deterministic algorithm for synchronous (partially) unorie...

by extending wireless networks and because of their different nature, some attacks appear in these networks which did not exist in wired networks. security is a serious challenge for actual implementation in wireless networks. due to lack of the fixed infrastructure and also because of security holes in routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks, these networks are not protected against attack...

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are extensively used in military and civilian applications. The dynamic topology of MANETs allows nodes to join and leave the network at any point of time. This generic characteristic of MANET has rendered it vulnerable to security attacks. In our research, we will address the problem of black hole attack. In this attack, a malicious node falsely advertise shorte...

A black hole is a highly harmful stationary process residing in a node of a network and destroying all mobile agents visiting the node, without leaving any trace. We consider the task of locating a black hole in a (partially) synchronous tree network, assuming an upper bound on the time of any edge traversal by an agent. The minimum number of agents capable of identifying a black hole is two. F...