ahmad matar is the prominent iraqi poet and a committed character of this age who in the contemporary arab world enjoys great fame. since the holy qur'an and religious texts, are the inspiring references to all arab poets, ahmed matar is no exception. the borrowing of qura'nic verses and contents in his poetry is due to his understanding and his wisdom in a unique manner. this article intends t...

1. Introduction A recurring theme in theoretical discussions of language contact is the question of borrowability—specifically, whether there are any substantive constraints governing the kinds of lexicon and structure that can be borrowed. Nowadays historical linguists are less likely to propose absolute constraints than they used to be, because everyone knows at least a few examples of 'odd' ...

We formulate and study the requirement on an allocation rule that no agent should be able to benefit by augmenting his endowment through borrowing resources from the outside world (alternatively, by simply exaggerating it). We show that the Walrasian rule is not “borrowing-proof” even on standard domains. More seriously, no efficient selection from the endowments-lower-bound correspondence, or ...

This paper examines how availability of microfinance influences households’ borrowing from informal sources in village economies. It uses a unique household level panel data set, which spans more than two decades (1987–2008), from rural Bangladesh. We find that households’ access to microfinance reduces the incidence of borrowing from informal sources, but not the amount of borrowing. We find t...

We present a generic method for establishing interpolation properties by ‘borrowing’ across logical systems. The framework used is that of the so-caled ‘institution theory’ which is a categorical abstract model theory providing a formal definition for the informal concept of ‘logical system’ and a mathematical concept of ‘homomorphism’ between logical systems. We develop three different styles ...

We develop a general model of lending in the presence of endogenous borrowing constraints. Borrowing constraints arise because borrowers face limited liability and debt repayment cannot be perfectly enforced. In the model, the dynamics of debt are closely linked with the dynamics of borrowing constraints. In fact, borrowing constraints must satisfy a dynamic consistency requirement: the value o...