one of problems of the law of obligations is the classification of the sources of obligations. in the law of the rome the obligation arose from contract and crime. in french law there is other sources and this classification has been recorded in other codes. the lawyers believe that this classification is not extensive and logical. today there is unilateral obligation and obligations by other s...

the security of contractual relation is the important aims of contract law to the extent that is discussed as one of the fundamental principles in european law. the guarantee to protect is one of the affecting rules to establishing the security of contractual relation that in the iranian civil code under the incomplete influence of islamic and french law, is based on the protection of ownership...

This paper represents a comprehensive study of English loanword usage in five diverse francophone neighborhoods in the national capital region of Canada. Twenty thousand loan tokens extracted from informal conversations with 120 speakers are analyzedfor degree oflinguistic integration into French and social assimilation by the francophone community. Attestation histories ofEnglish forms in Cana...

the principle of tort law is that the liability is based on the act prejudicial that in iranian law in conformity with the article 1 of tort law code and in french law in conformity with the article 1382 of civil code, this act must be guilty. the harmful act in determining responsible in tort law is necessary. if the chain of causes of action for compensation for damaging responsible is a pers...

In France, Justice Jackson’s question about where to look for the meaning of a statute would be phrased in broader terms and would not be limited to the question of whether to look only at the words of a statute or also at the legislative intent. French law starts from the premise that statutes and codes are the foundations of the legal system in the same way that cases are the foundation of th...

We propose a comprehensive theory of codemixed discourse, encompassing equivalencepoint and insertional code-switching, palindromic constructions and lexical borrowing. The starting point is a production model of code-switching accounting for empirical observations about switch-point distribution (the equivalence constraint), well-formedness of monolingual fragments, conservation of constituent...

an action resulting from an object like human's damaging action can cause liability for those who possess them. the french civil law at its approval time (1804) had not predicted this principle and just in articles 1385, 1386, the liability of damages resulting from two types of objects, i.e. animals and buildings due to imposing great damages by them had been predicted by french law. howe...

Contemporary jurisdictions of continental Europe are familiar with the legal concepts of a contract in favour of a third-party beneficiary who is not present when the contract is entered into as well as the right of this third party to enforce such a contract. However, these concepts are not easily compatible with the principles of Roman private law. The Swiss Legislation on Obligations (Schwei...