Nowadays the ocean bottom node (OBN) acquisition is widely used in oil and gas resource exploration seismic monitoring. Conventional imaging algorithms of OBN data mainly focus on processing up-going primaries down-going first-order multiples. Up-going multiples higher-order are generally regarded as noise should be eliminated or ignored conventional migration methods. However, carry abundant i...

Free-surface multiples can be considered to be signal and migrated by the crosscorrelogram migration method (Schuster and Rickett, 2000; Sheng, 2000). By merging the Kirchhoff and crosscorrelogram migration images, the true reflectors can be reinforced and the artifacts can be attenuated. For simple flat layered models direct multiplication of the Kirchhoff and crosscorrelogram migration images...

Pan African Medical Journal. 2016; 25:15 doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.25.15.10626 This article is available online at: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/25/15/full/ © Hakima Elmahi et al. The Pan African Medical Journal ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)...

Imaging of downgoing first-order free-surface multiples (ghosts) with VSP data can provide a subsurface image with wider coverage, better vertical resolution, and higher-fold than conventional imaging of VSP primary reflections. A problem with VSP downgoing first-order multiple (ghost) imaging is the interference from downgoing high-order multiples, similar to the interference from multiples wh...