Protein kinase C (PKC) delta (PRKCD) is a member of the novel PKC subfamily that regulates gene expression in bovine trophoblast cells. Additional functions for PRKCD in early embryonic development in cattle have not been fully explored. The objectives of this study were to describe the expression profile of PRKCD mRNA in bovine embryos and to examine its biological roles during bovine embryo d...

Retinoids are recognized as important regulators of vertebrate development, cell differentiation, and tissue function. Previous studies, performed both in vivo and in vitro, indicate that retinoids influence several reproductive events, including follicular development, oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. The present study evaluated in vitro effects of retinol addition to media c...

background: the values of embryonic stem cell and cloning are evident. production of clone from embryonic stem cells can be achieved by introduction of stem cell into a tetraploid blastocyst. tetraploid blastocyst can be produced in vitro by electrofusion of 2-cell embryos. objective: the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different voltages and durations on fusion rate of bovine 2-c...

background: many studies reported that follicle size has an essential role in developmental potential of oocytes. also, the brilliant cresyl blue (bcb) test is one of the most important criteria in selection of more competent oocytes. objective: selection of developmentally competent bovine oocytes. materials and methods: a total of 1730 bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs) were recovered fro...

background: progress achieved in culture media formulations have resulted led to an improvement in maintaining the mammalian embryo in culture throughout the preimplantation and pre-attachment period. objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of myo-inositol during in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes on subsequent embryo development. materi...

We have evaluated the safety of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) procedures by using bovine zygotes. Bovine zygotes were injected with a small amount (2-3 pl) of either medium alone or medium containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (sham-ICSI, without spermatozoon) using the same procedure as ICSI, and the subsequent in-vitro embryonic development and embryo quality (number of cells/blastoc...

while our knowledge of anuran embryonic and larval surface ciliation and their diversity ofciliation patterns are significant, very few references were noticed on embryonic ciliation in direct-developinganurans, such as species in the genus eleutherodactylus. eleutherodactylus urichi embryos were found tohave surface ciliated cells during much of their development until a few days before hatchi...

Global activation of the embryonic genome is the most critical event in early mammalian development. After fertilization, a rich supply of maternal proteins and RNAs support development whereas a number of zygotic and embryonic genes are expressed in a stage-specific manner leading to embryonic genome activation (EGA). However, the identities of embryonic genes expressed and the mechanism(s) of...

background: addition of amino acids to the culture medium is beneficial for embryonic development in many species. objective: the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amino acids on the in vitro maturation and embryonic development of the bovine oocyte. materials and methods: bovine ovaries were collected from a local abattoir and brought into laboratory. cumulus-oocyte com...

introduction: stem cell biology has been the subject of much recent discussion. embryonic stem (es) cells, derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos are expected to become a powerful tool in future regenerative medicine and developmental biology due to their capacity of self-renewal and pluripotency. in the present study, the ultrastructural development...