This paper presents an analytical model that relates the architectural parameters of an FPGA to the place-and-route runtimes of the FPGA CAD tools. We consider both a simulated annealing based placement algorithm employing a bounding-box wirelength cost function, and a negotiationbased A* router. We also show an example application of the model in early architecture evaluation.

Phase transformation of thin film (∼30 nm) In2Se3/Si(111) (amorphous → crystalline) was performed by resistive annealing and the reverse transformation (crystalline → amorphous) was performed by nanosecond laser annealing. As an intrinsic-vacancy, binary chalcogenide semiconductor, In2Se3 is of interest for non-volatile phasechange memory. Amorphous InxSey was deposited at room temperature on S...

Biological processes are random in nature and studying them through laboratory experiments alone is costly and time-consuming. Applying mathematical modeling provides a more efficient method for understanding and modifying them. Recently we proposed an algorithm Box to assist in modeling and controlling any biological pathway. In the Box algorithm, the output (protein concentration) control and...

DEAD-box proteins are ubiquitous regulators of RNA biology. While commonly dubbed "helicases," their activities also include duplex annealing, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA binding, and RNA-protein complex remodeling. Rok1, an essential DEAD-box protein, and its cofactor Rrp5 are required for ribosome assembly. Here, we use in vivo and in vitro biochemical analyses to demonstrate t...

{ Establish whether errors are introduced by approximations in the cost function. For example, a common cost function approximates the length of wires in a rectilinear network as half the bounding-box perimeter. This inaccurate cost function appears in almost every VLSI circuit placement program. { Instrument inaccurate parallel programs to compute and display errors during a run. { Include alg...

This paper deals with the economic optimization of reinforced concrete box frames used in road construction. It shows the efficiency of four heuristic algorithms applied to a problem of 50 design variables. Heuristic methods used are the random walk and the descent local search. The metaheuristic methods are the threshold accepting and the simulated annealing. The four methods have been applied...

The prevalence of net list synthesis took raises great concern on routability of cell placement created with state-of-the-art placement techniques. In this paper, an accurate and efiienr placement routability modeling technique is proposed and incorporated into the prevailing simulated annealing approach. This accurate and eficient modeling is based on the supply versus demand analysis of routi...

In this paper, we describe relationships between the morphologies and the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of perovskite photovoltaics having a conventional p-i-n heterojunction structure, indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3-x)Cl(x)/PC(61)BM/Al. The PCE of such a device is highly dependent on the morphology of the perovskit...

Given a large software system, it is possible to associate to it a graph, also known as software network, where graph nodes are the software modules (packages, files, classes or other software entities), and graph edges are the relationships between modules. A recent paper by some of the authors demonstrated that the structure of software networks is also self-similar under a length-scale trans...

many recent studies have shown that glycosylation patterns of agaricus bisporus are similar to those of mammalians, so that this organism is a good candidate for the expression of glycosylated pharmaceutical protein. to achieve constant interested gene expression in all cells of the organism, proper promoter isolation is necessary. to isolate this promoter, pcr with specific primers was perform...