For millennia, seeds have been freely available to use for farming and plant breeding without restriction. Within the past century, however, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have threatened this tradition. In response, a movement has emerged to counter the trend toward increasing consolidation of control and ownership of plant germplasm. One effort, the Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI, www...

This article analyses the implementation of Legal Regime protection plant varieties in Mexico and procedure concession title deeds. The starting point is description Mexican agriculture offering a dichotomous panorama; traditional on one hand, other, commercial agriculture. It followed by study variety system as part economy changes decade 1980 1990, period which State stops participating agric...

Intellectual property rights are prescribed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A patent for an animal breed is exclusive right inventor to its breeding achievement, it a legal monopoly ensured by state, and protection makes impossible use commercially without consent owner. The modern-day challenges directly related ensuring food security. practical application achievements husbandry...

The exclusivity conferred to inventors by intellectual property rights (IPRs) provide an ex ante incentive for innovation, but the resulting market power yields an ex post inefficiency (because it limits use of the innovation). Strong IPRs may also affect innovation by limiting access of proprietary knowledge in research aimed at new inventions and discoveries, which raises the question of whet...