The history of the caliphate after death Prophet Muhammad from time to has same pattern starting phases development, formation, coaching, glory, decline and destruction. This study aims determine Khulafaur Rashidun dynasty SAW. used qualitative research methods. data collection technique was carried out by means a literature through exploration journals other information relevant study. results...

As Syria prepares to enter its seventh year of war, the tide seems to have turned in favour of the Assad regime. Government forces over-ran Aleppo at the end of 2016, assisted by air support from Russia. President Bashar al-Assad has now regained control of all the major population centres in the country, including the four largest cities. As The Lancet Infectious Diseases went to press, a ceas...

Over fifty years into global environmental negotiations since the first UN Conference in 1972 on Human Environment Stockholm, to Climate Change COP27 Sharm El Sheikh 2022, major concerns of our time are no closer being resolved. Negotiations continued fall by wayside. Given commitment economic development and sovereignty nation states, deadlocks understandable. Against this background, article ...

the politics of shifting to the east, which is interpreted in the statements of turkish islamist politicians as ottomanism, is a newly emerged strategy which is essentially comprehensible in the connection with the history and identity of the ottoman era and the new regional and trans-regional role of turkey. the ideology of ottomanism not only implies the expansion of turkey’s influence on the...

This study addressed three questions: 1. What are the objectives of the leaders of ISIL? 2. What are the objectives of the followers of ISIL? 3. How are the two sets of objectives related? To answer these questions we analyzed the transcripts of interviews and presentations of 59 subject matter experts (SMEs) and conducted a separate analysis of speeches of ISIL leaders and selected Internet so...

<p><em>Umar bin Khattab was the second caliph in history of Islamic rule. Lots progress achieved during period his caliphate. This article compiled order to explain from a historical perspective dynamics government that occurred caliphate Umar Khattab. begins with an explanation process appointing and structure built time along duties functions each structure. With this research it ...