INTRODUCTION Understanding facial harmony and proportions is essential for facial reconstructive procedures and orthognathic surgery planning. In the literature, the neoclassical facial canons have been revisited in populations including North American whites and African Americans. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline for selected facial anthropometric measurements and test the...

Academic and political debates about what texts are canonical in the liberal arts have been occurring for some time. In this Commentary, Professors Balkin and Levinson discuss canons and canonicity in the study of law in general and of constitutional law in particular. Canons, they contend, are not simply collections of texts. Skills, approaches, forms of argument, standard examples, and even s...

OBJECTIVES To determine the average facial proportions of the African American man and compare results with the neoclassical canons of facial proportions and the standard for the North American white man. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS Photographs and anthropometric measurements of the face were taken of 109 men of African American descent aged between 18 and 30 years, and results w...

Using grounded theory as an example, this paper examines three methodological questions that are generally applicable to all qualitative methods. How should the usual scientific canons be reinterpreted for qualitative research? How should researchers report the procedures and canons used in their research? What evaluative criteria should be used in judging the research products? We propose that...

A musical rhythm pattern is a sequence of note onsets. We consider repeating rhythm patterns, called rhythm cycles. Many typical rhythm cycles from Africa are asymmetric, meaning that they cannot be broken into two parts of equal duration. More precisely: if a rhythm cycle has a period of 2n beats, it is asymmetric if positions x and x + n do not both contain a note onset. We ask the questions ...

In mathematical music theory we often come across various constructions on Zn, the set of residues modulo n for n ≥ 2. Different objects constructed on Zn are considered to be equivalent if there exists a symmetry motivated by music which transforms one object into the other one. Usually we are dealing with cyclic, dihedral, or affine symmetry groups on Zn. Here we will compare partitions of Zn...