Referee 1 raises the issue of the effects/influences of the ‘carbonate ion effect, temperature and dissolution’ of foraminiferal d18O and d13C and asks (Page 148, line 25-26.) ‘..is a progressive enrichment in 13C for increasing size.’ Could this observation be due to changing sea water temperature of carbonate ion concentration during TIII? The authors response is very appropriate and I sugges...

A suite of Na-bearing type A-B carbonate hydroxyapatites {Ca(10-y)Na(y)[(PO4)(6-y)(CO3)y][(OH)(2-2x)(CO3)x], x approximately = y} has been synthesized at 1200 degrees C and 0.5-1.0 GPa, and investigated by single-crystal X-ray structure and FTIR spectroscopy. Crystal data for the maximum content of carbonate (11.1 wt%) are a = 9.3855(7), c = 6.9142(4) A, space group P6(3)/m, R = 0.023, R(w) = 0...

Although anions are usually determined by suppressed ion chromatography (IC), carbonate and bicarbonate ions can not be determined, because a mixed solution of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate is used as the eluent. This paper describes an IC method for the determination of carbonate ion and common anions using an IonPac AG17/AS17 column, an EG 40 eluent generator and a conductivit...

Aquatic green plants can assimilate carbon dioxide in solutions of widely varying hydrogen-ion concentration. Our purpose in investigating the rate of photosynthesis as a function of this factor was to clarify the interpretation of experiments in carbonate mixtures, where the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions and of free carbon dioxide all vary with the hydrogen-ion concentration...

Recently developed proxies for the seawater carbonate ion concentration were used to reconstruct the vertical gradient in the carbonate ion concentration for times in the past corresponding to the glacialinterglacial cycles. The reconstructed changes leave little doubt that the ocean drove the large natural variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide that accompanied the glacial cycles, most likel...

Quantitative analysis of the carbonate species within clinical and environmental samples is highly critical to the advancement of accurate environmental monitoring, disease screening, and personalized medicine. Herein we report the first example of carbonate detection using ultrasensitive ion selective electrodes (ISEs). The low detection limit (LDL) of these electrodes was at least 4 orders of...

Synthetic multi-substituted hydroxyapatite nano powders containing silicon and or carbonate prepared by a wet chemical method. The process parameters are set up to allow the simultaneous substitution of carbonate and silicon ions in the place of phosphorus. The chemical and structural characterizations of the prepared powders are determined with the aid of; XRF, ICP, XRD and FTIR. The results s...