BACKGROUND The factors that determine the different patterns of venous anatomy are not well understood. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between variation in the cardiac vein system and the extent of coronary artery calcium score (CACS). METHODS We reviewed the results of 64-slice CTs of 226 subjects (age 57.2 ± 11.2; 133M) enrolled in our study. The subjects were divided ...

Highlights The article is a comprehensive literature review on anatomical variations and anomalies of cardiac veins. A classification coronary venous anatomy detailing clinical, radiological features proposed. Developing such important for the field left ventricular lead placement, as it would cover variety clinically significant Abstract With advancements in resynchronization therapy, role vei...

Anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR) is a rare cardiac anomaly defined as one or more pulmonary veins draining into a structure other than the left atrium, with venous return directly or indirectly to the right atrium. The most common form is partial APVR, in which one to three pulmonary veins drain into systemic veins or into the right atrium. We report the case of a woman diagnosed with p...

Complete drainage of the pulmonary veins into the right heart is one of the rarest and most severe congenital cardiac anomalies. The X-ray studies may suggest this diagnosis if pulmonary veins enter either coronary sinus or inferior vena cava. In the case reported, right heart catheterization and angiocardiography were used and the diagnosis of persisent left superior vena cava and partial dire...

We present a 59-year-old patient with long standing chronic heart failure with a previous single chamber implantable defibrillator referred for upgrade to resynchronization therapy. Initial images of the CS revealed no lateral veins (Figure 1). The catheter was withdrawn to the ostium and contrast injection proximally revealed the presence of a separate CS (Figures 2 and 3). Manipulation of the...

Simultaneous measurements of the jugular and right atrial venous pressures were made in 16 patients undergoing cardiac and vascular surgery to see whether the jugular veins were a reliable guide to central venous pressure. It was found that with the chest closed both the external and internal jugular veins on the right side provided a good guide. The vessels on the left side were less consisten...

The present work had its inception in the discovery of vessels around the rat’s heart which did not correspond to anything previously described in other mammals. These vessels are a system of veins which begin on the heart and terminate in the anterior venae cavae. Two major veins eomprise this system, each of which crosses the midline to empty into the contralateral anterior vena cava. They dr...