INTRODUCTION Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. ODD is one of the most frequent reasons for clinical consultation on mental health during childhood and adolescence. ODD has a high morbidity and dysfunction, and has important implications for the future if not treated early. OBJECTIV...

This article focuses on the life of Juana, Excelente Senhora (excellent lady), between 1479 and 1506. widely known as La Beltraneja, was recognized by King Enrique IV Castile (1454–74) his legitimate daughter successor despite claims that she had been conceived in an adulterous relationship her mother Joana Portugal Beltrán de la Cueva. Although Juana lived exile from 1476 onward, young age unm...

Although many of Spain's earliest poetic texts give expression to a female voice, 1 it is not until the fifteenth century that Spain's first female authors are documented.2 It is perhaps for this reason that gender-conscious studies of medieval Spain have been so scarce in relation to those concerning other parts of Europe. Researchers with a feminist perspective have had to limit their investi...

This article depicts Spain’s COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 terms of the main mortality increases reported in Castile and/or whole country between 1700 and 2019. Data are drawn from population censuses, parish records 138 Castilian municipalities, Movimiento Natural de la Población España, 1890-2018. Our findings suggest that: (1) Catastrophic rates plummeted Castile during second half 18t...

Written sources of the kingdoms Castile-Leon describing processions and royal entries in 11th-13th Centuries are not commonly found. The absence such ceremonies makes it difficult to recognize topography power through remarkable buildings as well hierarchies among their ecclesiastical secular participants. This prevented kings Castile Leon from being seen publicly visiting some iconic processio...