Categorization axioms have been proposed to axiomatizing clustering results, which offers a hint of bridging the difference between human recognition system and machine learning through an intuitive observation: an object should be assigned to its most similar category. However, categorization axioms cannot be generalized into a general machine learning system as categorization axioms become tr...

Studies using backward masked emotional stimuli suggest that affective processing may occur outside visual awareness and imply primacy of affective over semantic processing, yet these experiments have not strictly controlled for the participants' awareness of the stimuli. Here we directly compared the primacy of affective versus semantic categorization of biologically relevant stimuli in 5 expe...

The two common strategies for learning categories can be characterized as holistic categorization and analytic categorization. In holistic categorization, which is also called exemplar-based categorization, people rely on global similarity between items across all or most of their attributes. In analytic categorization, which is also called rule-based categorization, people learn to identify th...