This paper discusses the influence of Particle Stimulated Nucleation (PSN) on the overall process of nucleation and subsequent grain growth in low carbon (LC) steels and proposes a global recrystallisation kinetics model based on fundamental physical metallurgy principles. The model takes into account the cementite content, which is dependent on the nominal carbon content, and the second phase ...

Cementite precipitation from austenite in steels can be suppressed by alloying with silicon. There are, however, no validated thermodynamic data to enable phase equilibria to be estimated when silicon is present in cementite. The formation energies of Fe3C, (Fe11Si 4c Fe)C4 and (Fe11Si 8d Fe)C4 have therefore been estimated using firstprinciples calculations based on the total-energy all-electr...

The response of a strong bainitic–steel to tempering at high temperatures is investigated, because a softened state is sometimes necessary during the manufacture of engineering components, prior to the final heat–treatment which hardens the material. Thermodynamic calculations conducted to determine the maximum temperature at which the steel could be annealed without forming austenite were foun...

To quantitatively evaluate the three-dimensional lamellar curvature in pearlitic steel, crystallographic orientation rotation of ferrite and cementite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy backscattering diffraction. In hypereutectoid steel containing 0.92% C, 0.30% Mn, 0.20% Si, 0.19% Cr, ferrite–cementite interfaces some colonies were confirmed to match well with those having freque...

Steels containing large carbon concentrations are used particularly when a large hardness is required, for example in the manufacture of components such as bearings. This, however, makes it difficult to shape or machine the alloys during the process of component manufacture unless they are first heat–treated into a softened condition. One method of achieving this economically is to generate a m...

The effect of stress and strain on the transformation kinetics of pearlite is investigated by phase-field simulation. Strain is considered in terms of expansion/contraction during transformation and due to concentration gradients in austenite. It is demonstrated that due to the concentration dependence of the eigenstrain, an inhomogeneous stress distribution ahead of the transformation front en...

Based on the shift of the Bragg reflection and its broadening, 1st and 3rd order internal stresses in crystalline materials can be determined respectively by diffraction method. Between these two orders, we can define a mesoscopic scale, where the stresses come from different arrangements of dislocation arrays or grain misorientation in a polycrystal. For all materials, three orders internal st...

Mirrored carbon-spirals have been produced from pressured ferrocene via the bilateral extrusion of the spiral pairs from an iron core. A parametric plot of the surface geometry displays the fractal growth of the conical helix made with the logarithmic spiral. Electron microscopy studies show the core is a crystalline cementite which grows and transforms its shape from spherical to biconical as ...

This review focuses on the mechanical properties of single-phase cementite. The interest are 1) sound velocity, 2) elastic constants, 3) hardness, 4) plastic deformation mechanism, 5) wear, 6) fracture toughness, and 7) crystal orientation anisotropy. effects temperature, magnetic transition, alloying elements hardness were reviewed. Furthermore, experimental values above as well other paramete...