The measurement and interpretation of isotopic yield ratios in heavy ion reactions at intermediate and high energies are discussed and the usefulness of these observables for establishing equilibrium properties and for determining thermodynamic parameters is illustrated. The examples are mainly taken from work performed with lighter projectiles at intermediate and high energies and from studies...

Geometric programming is a mathematical technique, which has been developed for nonlinear optimization problems. This technique is based on the dual program with linear constraints. Determination of species concentrations in chemical equilibrium conditions is one of its applications in chemistry and chemical engineering fields. In this paper, the principles of geometric programming and its comp...

We investigate reactive gas mixtures in the kinetic chemical equilibrium regime. Our starting point is a generalized Boltzmann equation with a chemical source term valid for arbitrary reaction mechanisms and yielding a positive entropy production. We rst study the Enskog expansion in the kinetic chemical equilibrium regime. We derive a new set of macroscopic equations in the zerothand rst-order...