Chromic oxide is an important basic chemical and finds many applications including metallurgical materials, green pigments, construction materials, refractory materials and catalysts. Presently, the industrial production of chromic oxide generally employs two processes (Ding, 2003): one is the reduction of sodium dichromate with ammonia sulfate; the other is the thermal decomposition of chromic...

Numerous experimental observations have been made on microorganisms and culture of the cells of mammals as well as the accounting of the chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of the mammals and of human cells displayed that the chromium and its compounds possess a pronounced mutagenic effect. Translocation test, induction record of DNA damage and repair systems in the mammalian and h...

As a result of a widespread application in numerous industrial processes, chromium is a contaminant of many environmental systems. Chromium and their compounds are toxic to both invertebrates and vertebrates and, for this reason, there has been a search for suitable and less toxic alternatives. Molybdenum compounds have been studied as alternative to chromium compounds for some industrial appli...

The data on the standards for chromium requirements and the safety of various chromium compounds and doses are reviewed. The 350-fold difference between the acceptable daily intake and the calculated reference dose for humans of 70 mg per day seems without precedent with respect to other nutritional minerals. Previous claims of mutagenic effects of chromium are of questionable relevance. While ...

The effects of thiol compounds (L-cysteine ethyl ester, 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, or 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid) on the toxicity induced by chromate (potassium dichromate) were investigated in HeLa cells and mice. Chromate-induced cytotoxicity evaluated by inhibition of cell growth and chromium content of the cells was diminished by all of the thiol compounds tested when the cells...

This article discusses the effect of chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) on human health under conditions of acute and chronic exposure in the workplace. Chromium(VI) compounds as carcinogens and/or mutagens pose a direct danger to people exposed to them. If carcinogens cannot be eliminated from the work and living environments, their exposure should be reduced to a minimum. In the European Union the propose...

Metal compounds have been associated with male reproductive toxicity in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of 20 metal compounds using rabbit ejaculated spermatozoa as a study model for spermiotoxicity. Five of the metals tested (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury and vanadium) reduced sperm motility and curvilinear velocity. Ultrastructural analyses rev...

• Abstract This overview considers the occupational carcinogenicity of metallic chromium and trivalent chromium compounds in humans. The evaluations of the potential carcinogenicity of these chemicals by international and national organizations and by individual scientists are unanimous in that the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans. For some sources of chromium exposure derive...

Dozens of epidemiologic studies have been conducted since the late 1940s in an attempt to elucidate the relationship between exposure to chromium compounds and increased rates of certain cancers observed in several industries. The relationship between employment in industries producing chromium compounds from chromite ore and lung cancer has been well established in numerous studies. The relati...

Basic chromium sulphate is the most versatile and common tanning agent in the leather industry. Under certain circumstances, the oxidation of the trivalent chromium salts into the hexavalent compounds, which are used in leather manufacture, is a crucial issue. In this study, different proportions of basic chromium sulphate were used in tanning and re-tanning processes according to a commonly us...