AIM Endonasal transsphenoidal approaches are getting rapidly popular in removing many midline skullbase lesions from crista galli to foramen magnum. For safe removal of these lesions, familiarity with endoscopic endonasal anatomy of circle of Willis is very important. Furthermore, for safe development of this approach in vascular neurosurgery in the near future, endoscopic endonasal exposure of...

On St Martin’s Day (November 11), volleys of gunpowder explosions disturb the quiet of Fenny Stratford, a small country town midway between Oxford and Cambridge close to Stony Stratford (1). The explosions are part of a curious celebration, which has taken place every year since 1734. The celebration consists of three events. The first is a sermon in the parish church for which the invited spea...

that supplied both frontal lobes. The circle of Willis as an anatomic structure can be defined as a network of blood vessels affording communication between the carotid system and the basilar system, encompassing an anterior and two posterior communicating arteries and proximal portions of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries. However, this description is still not fully satisfying beca...

background and objective: the circle of willis (cow) supports adequate blood supply to the brain. the cardiovascular system, in the current study, is modeled using an equivalent electronic system focusing on the cow. method: in our previous study we used 42 compartments to model whole car- diovascular system. in the current study, nevertheless, we extended our model by using 63 compartments to ...

A non-traumatic approach to the subarachnoid space near the circle of Willis is demonstrated in this study. The approach is made between the olfactory bulb and frontal lobe. Following perfusion with Evans blue dye no leakage was observed into the parenchyma indicating no tissue damage had occurred. No gross bleeding or cerebral vasospasm was visible in the middle meningeal artery (dural), the s...

Variations in the circle of Willis was studied using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Angiography in fifty patients of South Indian population at random. Variations have been found in 16 cases. All arteries in the circle of Willis showed variations except the anterior communicating artery, 5 cases showed variations in the anterior cerebral artery, 6 cases in the internal carotid artery, 2 cases in th...