The use of building interior model in indoor emergency response and building interior navigation is becoming more and more common. Although the LoD4 of CityGML can express building interior spatial information quite well, it is hard to gather or obtain the spatial data in the building. In particular, building interior model needs rich semantics information (e.g. the width of window) to perform ...

The international standard CityGML defines five levels of detail (LODs) for 3D city models, but only the highest of them (LOD4) supports modelling the indoor geometry of a building, which must be acquired in correspondingly high detail and therefore at a high cost. Whereas simple 3D city models of the exterior of buildings (e.g. CityGML LOD2) can be generated largely automatically, and are thus...

The rapid urbanisation and the increase of world population underline the need of a new approach in the urban design, based on the energy efficiency and the sustainability of the built environment. When focusing on City Energy Modelling, unlike Building Energy Modelling, each urban simulation engine generally has its own tailor-made data-model: municipalities and other urban information data ad...

Documents serve an important role in understanding change in urban fabric. The available multidimensional (spatial, temporal and thematic) information in these documents narrate not only the various features of the elements of the urban fabric but also notifies their changes during time. CityGML standard is used to spatially and temporally represent the city objects. But it misses features to r...

In the context of increasing greenhouse gas emission and global demographic change with the simultaneous trend to urbanization, it is a big challenge for cities around the world to perform modifications in energy supply chain and building characteristics resulting in reduced energy consumption and carbon dioxide mitigation. Sound knowledge of energy resource demand and supply including its spat...

The geometry of the LOD1 block model of CityGML may be represented in a multitude of valid variants, e.g. it may represent individual buildings or aggregated blocks. The geometric representations within each of these, such as the reference of the footprint of a building, are not standardised in CityGML and are not informed in the metadata. The lack of knowledge of the used representation may po...

High-quality geographic data sources are eminent for urban data management and the creation of detailed 3D city models. In the past two decades, Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) increasingly gained attractiveness to both amateur users and professionals, resulting in a broad availability of urban data within VGI communities and especially OpenStreetMap (OSM). OSM provides detailed inform...

3D modelling of spatial data has been the subject of many research activities. Many countries are developing and implementing 3D cadastral models (van Oosterom et al. 2011, Stoter et al. 2013, Drobež et al. 2016, Kitsakis et al. 2016). While the CityGML standard is not suitable for the complete 3D cadastral data model (El-Mekawy and Östman 2012), the usability of CityGML for cadastral purposes ...