A headed relative clause is a syntactically complex modifier involving abstraction over an internal position of the clause (the relativization site) and connected to some constituent it modifies (the relative ''head''). In the standard approach, abstraction is syntactically implemented by means of an unbounded dependency between the relativization site and a relative operator taking scope over ...

This paper presents a method for the automatic conversion of constituency trees into deep dependency graphs consisting of primary, secondary, and semantic relations. Our work is distinguished from previous work concerning the generation of shallow dependency trees such that it generates dependency graphs incorporating deep structures in which relations stay consistent regardless of their surfac...

One of the most difficult issues within corpora annotation on an underlying syntactic level is the restoration of nodes omitted in the surface shape of the sentence, but present on the “underlying” or “deep” syntactic level. In the present paper we concentrate on such type of nodes which are omitted due to the phenomenon usually called grammatical “control” with regard to their respective anaph...

The following properties characterize the contrastive verb focus construction in Vata. Morphology: the clause contains two copies of the verb. The verb in initial position carries special morphology associated with the construction (realized in Vata as a ‘construction’ tone). The verb in the clause looks and acts like any regular V. Order: The contrastively focused verb occurs in clause initial...

A certain amount of structure is necessary simply because a clause may embed another clause, or one clause may attach to another clause or parts of it. Leaving this need of structure aside, the question then is how much structure should a (minimal) clause have? Grammar formalisms can differ significantly on this issue. Minimal clauses can be just strings, or words linked by dependencies (depend...

In behavioral studies on sentence comprehension, much evidence indicates that shorter dependencies are preferred over longer dependencies, and that longer dependencies incur a greater processing cost. However, it remains uncertain which of the various steps involved in the processing of long-distance dependencies is responsible for the increased cost of longer dependencies. Previous sentence co...

In the present paper we focus on control as a subtype of anaphora. We work with the theory of control present within the dependency-based framework of Functional Generative Description (FGD), in which control is defined as a relation of a referential dependency between a controller (antecedent – semantic argument of the main clause) and a controllee (anaphor – empty subject of the nonfinite com...

This paper presents a novel top-down headdriven parsing algorithm for data-driven projective dependency analysis. This algorithm handles global structures, such as clause and coordination, better than shift-reduce or other bottom-up algorithms. Experiments on the English Penn Treebank data and the Chinese CoNLL-06 data show that the proposed algorithm achieves comparable results with other data...

The relationship between the wh -remnant and null correlate in type of ellipsis known as backward sprouting is superficially almost identical to relation a -filler gap -question. In both cases, there dependency -phrase later element. We conduct sentence acceptability experiment test whether remnant–correlate exhibits two well-known properties filler–gap -questions: sensitivity clause boundaries...

In dependency parsing of long sentences with fewer subjects than predicates, it is difficult to recognize which predicate governs which subject. To handle such syntactic ambiguity between subjects and predicates, this paper proposes an “Sclause” segmentation method, where an S(ubject)clause is defined as a group of words containing several predicates and their common subject. We propose an auto...