Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease which mediated by various molecular and cellular immune components However Recent reports have shown that coagulation factors that traditionally separate from the immune system might also be involved in MS development and progression.studies on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and human MS patients reports alterati...

Plasminogen activators (PAs) are used to treat life-threatening thrombosis, but not for thromboprophylaxis because of rapid clearance, risk of bleeding, and central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. We describe a novel strategy that may help to overcome these limitations by targeting a thrombin-activated PA pro-drug to circulating red blood cells (RBCs). We fused a single chain antibody (scFv Ter-...

Abstract Purpose of Review Coagulopathy is a complex pathological condition manifested through the insufficient or excessive tendency to form blood thrombi, which can be caused by trauma and surgery. A promising strategy mitigate coagulopathy balanced restoration generation thrombin — main enzyme in blood-coagulation system. We review studies focusing on thrombin, traumatic coagulopathy, hemost...

Abstract Background Autologus platelet gel is easy to prepare and is relatively low cost. The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate in vitro efficacy of autologus platelet gel. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, platelet concentrate and platelet poor plasma were prepared with aphaeresis method. Thrombin was prepared by mixing the plasma with calcium. Thrombin activity...

Because injury of the CNS causes an astrogliosis, characterized by cell swelling and proliferation, similar to the effects of the serine protease thrombin on astrocytes, we hypothesized that a high level of thrombin at the site of injury might initially induce an astrocyte reaction and later increase the expression of its specific inhibitor, thrombomodulin. Thrombomodulin could then stabilize t...

CNS trauma generates a proteolytic imbalance contributing to secondary injury, including axonopathy and neuron degeneration. Kallikrein 6 (Klk6) is a serine protease implicated in neurodegeneration, and here we investigate the role of protease-activated receptors 1 (PAR1) and PAR2 in mediating these effects. First, we demonstrate Klk6 and the prototypical activator of PAR1, thrombin, as well as...

developed the neurological events while on treatment. CNS in volvement in Choriocarcinoma can be due to hemorrhagic metastas, tumor embolization and chemotherapy (especially platinum compounds). CNS thrombotic events are extremely rare. The association between cancer and thrombosis was identified in 1865 and the combination is called as Trousseau syndrome.[2] The mechanisms elucidated include c...

background and objectives: multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with more than 5.2 million people across the world being afflicted with. magnetic resonance im­aging (mri) is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of ms. this study surveys the results of mri of the central nervous system and paranasal sinuses in the sample of ms patients in ker...

Microglia, the major immune effector cells in the CNS, become activated when the brain suffers injury. In this study, we observed that prothrombin, a zymogen of thrombin, induced NO release and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha in rat brain microglia. The effect of prothrombin was independent of the protease activity of thrombin since hirudin, a specific inhibito...

Thrombin can activate factor XI in the presence of dextran sulfate or sulfatides. However, a physiological cofactor for thrombin activation of factor XI has not been identified. We examined this question in a cell-based, tissue factor-initiated model system. In the absence of factor XII, factor XI enhanced thrombin generation in this model. The effect on thrombin generation was reproduced by 2 ...