While techniques for sampling pond-breeding amphibians are relatively well-established, comparable methods for stream amphibians are still being developed. Uncertainty about sampling techniques is particularly acute for approaches that involve multiple observers. I evaluated three techniques for sampling stream salamanders with multiple observers—time-constrained surveys, leaf-litter bags, and ...

The exotic zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is established in all of the Laurentian Great Lakes and may affect benthivorous fishes by increasing the complexity of benthic substrates and changing energy flow patterns within the food web. Native yellow perch, Perca flavescens, and the nonindigenous Eurasian ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, are benthivores that may compete for limited food resourc...

Excavating tunnels in sandy cobble strata carries a high risk of ground collapse caused by instability the tunnel face. In order to prevent at face during excavation, this paper focuses on studying effects various pre-reinforcement method stability sand-cobble strata. Firstly, projects suitable for these are proposed. Then, using FLAC3D established numerical models, then simulate excavation pro...

Here, we investigate the application of rock surface IRSL dating to chronology restrain archaeological structures related upland pastoralism. We applied method cobbles collected from units in an excavation a dry-stone structure Val di Sole Italian Alps. At this site, finds and previous radiocarbon analyses have dated initial human occupation site Early Bronze Age (ca. 2200–1600 BC), possible se...

Recent theory suggests that scale-dependent interaction between facilitation and competition can generate spatial structure in ecological communities. The application of this hypothesis, however, has been limited to systems with little underlying heterogeneity. We evaluated this prediction in a plant community along an intertidal stress gradient on cobble beaches in Rhode Island, USA. Prior stu...

To ensure a healthy and biodiverse ecosystem in cobble and boulder bed rivers, it is imperative that the channel bed is maintained. In pristine catchments this is achieved by the range of flows characteristic of the natural flow regime, which typically incorporates “maintenance” flood flows of different timing, duration and frequency. The construction of dams however, leads to a change in the f...