Existence and efficiency of general equilibrium with commodity money is investigated in an economy where N commodities are traded at N(N − 1)/2 commodity-pairwise trading posts. Trade is a resource-using activity recovering transaction costs through the spread between bid (wholesale) and ask (retail) prices. Budget constraints, enforced at each trading post separately, imply demand for a carrie...

This paper examines the endogenous emergence of a commodity money in a trading post economy. The commodity money is defined as the common medium of exchange and is determined by the equilibrium pattern of exchange. The long run equilibria are analyzed using an evolutionary style model. Agents follow a simple adaptive process, generating dynamics that are reduced to a Markov process. Examples ar...

In an economy with commodity-pairwise trading posts and transaction costs, commodity money is endogenously determined in general equilibrium. Absent double coincidence of wants, the lowtransaction cost commodity (with the narrowest proportional bid/ask price spread) becomes the common medium of exchange. JEL Classification: C62, E40

The past decade has seen a sharp increase in the level and volatility of commodity prices (Graph 1). This has occurred alongside a sharp increase in commodity demand from emerging market economies, but also in parallel with a rapid increase in both commodity derivatives trading and financial investor activity in commodity markets (Domanski and Heath 2007; Dwyer, Gardner and Williams 2011). That...

Commodity exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are a significant part of the rapidly growing ETF market. They have become popular in recent years as they provide investors access to a great variety of commodities, ranging from precious metals to building materials, and from oil and gas to agricultural products. In this article, we analyze the tracking performance of commodity leveraged ETFs and discuss...

Today, in many countries, there are many banks engaging in financial derivatives trading to manage risks. This paper selects data on financial derivatives trading from US banks and FRED to analyze the effect of financial derivatives trading on US banks and its economy. The results show that the impact of total financial derivatives trading revenue on bank residual (assets less liabilities) is b...

Commodity trading is one of the most popular resources owning to its eminent predictable return on investment to earn money through trading. The trading includes all kinds of commodities like agricultural goods such as wheat, coffee, cocoa etc., and hard products like gold, rubber, crude oils etc.,. The investment decision can be made very easily with the help of the proposed model. The propose...