Generally the generation units in the traditional structure of the electricity industry try to minimize their costs. However, in a deregulated environment, generation units are looking to maximize their profits in a competitive power market. Optimum generation planning in such structure is urgent. This paper presents a new method of solving economic dispatch in the competitive electricity marke...

nowadays knowledge is a strategic and valuable resource as well as a property for any organization. without proper management and use of this valuable resource, providing good quality products and services is difficult and sometimes impossible. on the other hand, implementing knowledge management without appropriate structure is not possible. organizations should adopt structures that allow the...

We model the dynamics of social structure by a simple interacting particle system. The social standing of an individual agent is represented by an integer-valued fitness that changes via two offsetting processes. When two agents interact one advances: the fitter with probability p and the less fit with probability 1− p. The fitness of an agent may also decline with rate r. From a scaling analys...