This paper discusses balls in partial b-metric spaces and cone metric spaces, respectively. Let (X ,pb) be a partial b-metric space in the sense of Mustafa et al. For the family of all pb-open balls in (X ,pb), this paper proves that there are x, y ∈ B ∈ such that B′ B for all B′ ∈ , where B and B′ are with centers x and y, respectively. This result shows that is not a base of any topology on X...

PURPOSE To investigate the characteristics of the waveform generated by blue and red light stimulations in a dark-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) and those of cone responses in the dark-adapted condition. METHODS The study subjects were 52 persons (88 eyes) with no previous medical history. The author recorded b-waves (rod response) with red light stimulation and the x-waves (dark-adapted con...

Aim. We have introduced the notion of order to multinormed spaces and countable union spaces and their duals. The topology of bounded convergence is assigned to the dual spaces. The aim of this paper is to develop the theory of ordered topological linear spaces La,b, L′(w, z), the dual spaces of ordered multinormed spaces La,b, ordered countable union spaces L(w, z), with the topology of bounde...

Thresholds were measured for a tiny, brief, violet flash on a long wavelength, B cone-isolating background in fovea1 locations spaced only 4 or 5’ of arc apart. Large spatial variations in B cone sensitivity were found just beyond the fovea1 tritanopic area even though thresholds for the same wavelength test flash hardly varied at all across these same retinal locations when the flash was detec...

the main purpose of this paper is to obtain sufficient conditions for existence of points of coincidence and common fixed points for three self mappings in $b$-metric spaces. next, we obtain cone $b$-metric version of these results by using a scalarization function. our results extend and generalize several well known comparable results in the existing literature.

PURPOSE In the mammalian retina, rod and cone pathways are fundamentally intertwined, with signals from both converging on cone bipolar cells to reach retinal ganglion cells. Psychophysical and electrophysiological data suggests that, as a consequence, rod signal transduction has a suppressive effect on the activity of cone pathways. It therefore might be assumed that the balance between rod an...

In this paper we prove some fixed point theorems in fuzzy cone metric spaces under some fuzzy cone contractive type conditions. Our results generalize the “fuzzy cone Banach contraction theorem” given by [T. Öner, M. B. Kandemire, B. Tanay, J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl., 8 (2015), 610–616] recently. c ©2017 All rights reserved.

The electroretinogram (ERG) is a non-invasive indicator of retinal function. Light flashes evoke a cornea-negative a-wave followed by a cornea-positive b-wave. Light-adaptation is known to increase the amplitude of cone-dependent b-waves. To identify the underlying mechanism, we recorded rat cone photoresponses in situ, using intravitreally-injected glutamate to block synaptic transmission and ...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether cone redepolarization accounts for the amplitude increase of the b-wave of the human electroretinogram (ERG) during light adaptation. The time course of the b-wave amplitude increase was compared to the time course of the change in the activation phase of cone phototransduction, as derived from a delayed Gaussian model applied to the leading ed...

Cone phototransduction and survival of cones in the human macula is essential for color vision and for visual acuity. Progressive cone degeneration in age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, and recessive cone dystrophies is a major cause of blindness. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, which regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, plays a central role in cone op...