Point estimates of unknown parameters θ governing the distribution of an observed quantity X are unsatisfying if they come with no measure of accuracy or precision. One approach to giving such a measure is to offer interval estimates for θ, rather than point estimates; upon observing X, we construct an interval [a, b] which is very likely to contain θ, and which is very short. The approach to e...

Methodological recommendations strongly emphasize the routine reporting of effect sizes and associated confidence intervals to express the uncertainty around the primary outcomes. Confidence intervals (CI) for unstandardized effects are easy to construct; However, CI’s for standardized measures such as the standardized mean difference (i.e., Cohen’s d), the Pearson product-moment correlation, p...

The confidence interval, its close cousin the p-value, and other statistical summaries of data are widely used in science, including the occupational and environmental health sciences, but they are almost as widely misused. My purpose here is to review some basic matters that should be covered in every introductory statistics course, but are generally omitted. More specifically, some of the man...

It is a common and useful task in a web of trust to evaluate the trust value between two nodes using intermediate nodes. This technique is widely used when the source node has no experience of direct interaction with the target node, or the direct trust is not reliable enough by itself. If trust is used to support decision-making, it is important to have not only an accurate estimate of trust, ...