Scenario: A 45-year-old female executive arrived at the emergency room with complaints of substernal chest pressure and shortness of breath. She has no prior medical or surgical history, takes no medication, has a normal body mass index, and exercises regularly. Below is her 12-lead ECG obtained in the emergency room. A regular feature of the American Journal of Critical Care, the ECG Puzzler a...

Confounding should always be addressed in studies concerned with causality. When present, it results in a biased estimate of the effect of exposure on disease. The bias can be negative—resulting in underestimation of the exposure effect—or positive, and can even reverse the apparent direction of effect. It is a concern no matter what the design of the study or what statistic is used to measure ...

Abstract Purpose of Review This review expands on sensitivity analyses for unmeasured confounding techniques, demonstrating state-of-the-art methods as well specifying which should be used under various scenarios, depending the information about a potential confounder available to researcher. Recent Findings Methods assess how sensitive an observed estimate is have been developed decades. advan...

This article introduces a causal discovery method to learn nonlinear relationships in directed acyclic graph with correlated Gaussian errors due confounding. First, we derive model identifiability under the sublinear growth assumption. Then, propose novel method, named Deconfounded Functional Structure Estimation (DeFuSE), consisting of deconfounding adjustment remove confounding effects and se...